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A mathematical model has been developed for the risk assessment of the spread of genes conferring herbicide resistance in plant populations. The model combines an age-and-stage-structured population dynamic model, a population genetic model and a model of spatial spread. This is achieved by embedding a local matrix population model into a cellular automaton model with raster cells as spatial units. The dynamics of each cell is determined by both its local dynamics and the interaction with neighbouring cells. The model is applied to the evaluation of management strategies to delay or even to prevent long-term evolution of resistance in an annual grass weed. The results show that the appearance and spread of resistant genes is a highly non-linear process exhibiting threshold phenomena, which occur for a wide range of parameters. The properties of the seed survival curve constitute the `genetic memory' of the system and thus determine its long-term dynamics. It is possible to delay the evolution of resistance by suspension of treatment, reduction in herbicide application rate and introducing fallow periods. Spatial spread from an infested plot is inhibited by leaving untreated strips between adjacent fields. 相似文献
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Weed control, an important practice in agroecosystems to protect crop production, is usually achieved with herbicides. However,
these pesticides are expensive, pose potential risks to the environment, may affect some beneficial organisms indirectly,
and decrease overall arthropod biodiversity, including pests and their natural enemies, by removing weeds that might act as
hosts or shelters for many organisms. The activity density response of important surface-dwelling arthropod predators (ground
beetles [Coleoptera: Carabidae], ants [Hymenoptera: Formicidae] and spiders [Arachnida: Araneae]) to herbicides (trifluralin
and paraquat), and to two alternative weed management practices (rye straw mulch and mechanical treatment to maintain weeds
below threshold levels, in comparison with an untreated check), was assessed using pitfall traps. The mulch treatment had
the greatest effect on activity density, reducing the number of predators trapped significantly (P<0.05). Herbicide use resulted in significant (P<0.05) reductions in the activity density of ground beetles. Most predators were trapped in the check plots — which had the
highest weed biomass, followed in turn by numbers trapped in the threshold weed control treatment, the full herbicide application
and the mulch treatment plots.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 10, 2002. 相似文献
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新疆棉区转Bt基因棉对棉田主要害虫及其天敌种群数量的影响 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
20 0 0~ 2 0 0 1年 ,在新疆棉区系统地研究了转Bt基因棉田主要害虫及其天敌的发生规律。结果表明 :转Bt基因棉对棉铃虫有良好的控制作用 ,发生高峰期百株落卵量和百株幼虫数量都显著低于常规对照 ,转Bt自控田和转Bt化防田棉蚜和棉盲蝽发生数量则显著高于常规棉对照田。在天敌方面 ,转Bt自控田和转Bt化防田较常规棉对照田 ,丽草蛉种群数量有所增加 ,而小花蝽和黑食蚜盲蝽等 5种捕食性和几种寄生性天敌数量都有所下降。转Bt基因棉田棉蚜和棉盲蝽等刺吸性害虫发生数量加重而多种天敌数量减少的趋势值得引起重视。鉴于新疆地区棉铃虫发生数量较低目前无需专门防治的特点 ,作者建议 :可以考虑推广农艺性状较好的常规棉品种并保护天敌 ,以达到控制害虫、丰产丰收的目的。 相似文献
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转基因食品的检测方法 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
目前,世界各国对转基因食品的检测主要从外源DNA和蛋白两种生物大分子入手,所广泛采用的方法有聚合酶链式反应(PCR)、生物芯片技术(Biochips)、酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)和侧流技术(Lateral Flow)。本文综述了各种方法的原理以及这些方法用于检测转基因食品时的优缺点。 相似文献
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The response of Cuscuta campestris Yuncker, a non‐specific above‐ground holoparasite, to amino acid biosynthesis inhibitor (AABI) herbicides, was compared with other resistant and sensitive plants in dose–response assays carried out in Petri dishes. Cuscuta campestris was found to be much more resistant to all AABI herbicides tested. The I50 value of C. campestris growth inhibition by glyphosate was eightfold higher than that of transgenic, glyphosate‐resistant cotton (RR‐cotton). The I50 value for C. campestris shoot growth inhibition by sulfometuron was above 500 μM, whereas that of sorghum roots was only 0.004 μM. Cuscuta campestris exposed to glyphosate gradually accumulated shikimate, confirming herbicide penetration into the parasite and interaction with an active form of the target enzyme of the herbicide, 5‐enolpyruvylshikimate‐3‐phosphate synthase. More than half of the C. campestris plants associated with transgenic, glyphosate‐resistant sugarbeet (RR‐sugarbeet) treated with glyphosate or with transgenic, sulfometuron‐resistant tomato (SuR‐tomato) treated with sulfometuron recovered and resumed regular growth 20–30 days after treatment. New healthy stems developed, followed by normal flowering and seed setting. The results of the current study demonstrate the unique capacity of C. campestris to tolerate high rates of AABI. The mechanism of this phenomenon is yet to be elucidated. 相似文献